The Prevention Of Computer Viruses Computer Science Essay

The Prevention Of Computer Viruses Computer Science Essay What is a computer virus? A computer virus is a computer program that can copy itself[1] and infect a computer. The term virus is also commonly but erroneously used to refer to other types of malware, including but not limited to adware and spyware programs that do not have the reproductive ability. A true virus can spread from one computer to another (in some form of executable code) when its host is taken to the target computer; for instance because a user sent it over a network or the Internet, or carried it on a removable medium such as a floppy disk, CD, DVD, or USB drive. How are viruses transmitted can be transmitted person to individual by bodily fluids like HIV. Viruses approaching the common cold can be transported through the upper air we breathe. Viruses can also be transferred from your pets to you. Fortunately our body has an immunodefense workings that is intricately designed to row these pathogens. How do you prevent viruses? List the softwareà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s name. The internet is an amazing place that allows each and every one of us easy access to a wide variety of resources. Unfortunately, there is an increasing amount of viruses, worms, spyware and spam that can easily infect your computer. Your computer in fact may already be infected and you may not even know it. If your computer is unusually slow or crashes periodically, it may be infected. In fact, if you do not address the problem with this computer it may in fact infect other computers on your network. The result of a virus or worm attack can include an inability to access the internet, missing icons on your desktop, missing files and many other potential problems. There are ways, however, that you can fight back. Of course before making any changes to your computer, it is always a good idea to make a backup. FIGHT BACK 1. Run Microsoft Windows Update often. With new viruses and worms constantly being created, it is important to keep the Microsoft Windows operating system up to date. Go to http://windowsupdate.microsoft.com and follow the instructions on screen. By installing the critical updates found on the Windows Update website, you are greatly reducing the chances of your computer from becoming infected. 2. Update the virus pattern of your Anti-Virus software frequently. Almost all Anti-Virus software programs update automatically, but you will want to check to make sure that this process is taking place. If a new virus is introduced and your pattern file is out of date, you will not be adequately protected against this new threat. I highly recommend the use of Trend Micro PC-Cillin. Unlike other antivirus software programs, it does not tap your system resources by taking up a lot of memory. It also works in a very transparent fashion with continuous pattern updates. 3. Remove Spyware and Adware. When you visit websites or install new software, you may be inadvertently installing Spyware and Adware onto your computer. Spyware and Adware allows third parties to: (a) monitor the use of your computer over the internet and (b) market specific products to you on the internet based upon the use of your computer. Go to http://www.download.com in order to download and install: (1) Ad-aware and (2) Spybot Search Destroy. Properly updated, both of these programs will remove all known Spyware and Adware. 4. Prevent Spam. A large number of worms and viruses are distributed through spam email. The first step in preventing spam is to not post your email address on a website. If you need to provide a means for contacting you via email, you will want to create a submission form that does not display your MAILTO in the code/page source of your webpage. You may need to contact a web designer in order to properly implement this process into your website. Another method is to use the Master Spambot Buster which works just like a MAILTO link but without displaying your email address in the code for bots to pick up. In addition, you should always use Private Registration when registering a domain name for a website. If you go to http://www.netsol.com and do a WHOIS on your website, you do not want to see your email address publicly displayed in your domain record. Automated programs called robots regularly crawl websites such as this looking to pick up email addresses for use by companies that spam. If robots on the internet have already picked up your email address, you will of course want to use some form of spam prevention. Many web based mail programs already allow you the ability to prevent spam. However, many mail clients on business networks do not have this functionality. There are a variety of products in the marketplace to address this problem, but one of the most popular is http://www.spamarrest.com. By using Spamarrest.com, you manage who you allow or do not allow to receive email from. When someone sends you an email for the first time, they must verify that they sent you an email. If they do not, the email is placed in your unverified folder on Spamarrest.coms web servers. All blocked mail is then placed in Spamarrest.coms spam folder. Meanwhile all approved mail is sent as it normally would directly to your computers Inbox. CONSULT A PROFESSIONAL Although the software described here is easily used, different hardware and software configurations can lead to unexpected results that may damage your computer. If you are experiencing difficulties with viruses, worms, spyware or spam, you may want to consult a professional. How do you know that your computer is infected by a virus? If you suspect or confirm that your computer is infected with a computer virus, obtain the current antivirus software. The following are some primary indicators that a computer may be infected: The computer runs slower than usual. The computer stops responding, or it locks up frequently. The computer crashes, and then it restarts every few minutes. The computer restarts on its own. Additionally, the computer does not run as usual. Applications on the computer do not work correctly. Disks or disk drives are inaccessible. You cannot print items correctly. You see unusual error messages. You see distorted menus and dialog boxes. There is a double extension on an attachment that you recently opened, such as a .jpg, .vbs, .gif, or .exe. extension. An antivirus program is disabled for no reason. Additionally, the antivirus program cannot be restarted. An antivirus program cannot be installed on the computer, or the antivirus program will not run. New icons appear on the desktop that you did not put there, or the icons are not associated with any recently installed programs. Strange sounds or music plays from the speakers unexpectedly. A program disappears from the computer even though you did not intentionally remove the program Why virus-scanning software needs to be updated regularly ? computer virus is a computer program that can copy itself[1] and infect a computer. The term virus is also commonly but erroneously used to refer to other types of malware, including but not limited to adware and spyware programs that do not have the reproductive ability. A true virus can spread from one computer to another (in some form of executable code) when its host is taken to the target computer; for instance because a user sent it over a network or the Internet, or carried it on a removable medium such as a floppy disk, CD, DVD, or USB drive.[2] Viruses can increase their chances of spreading to other computers by infecting files on a network file system or a file system that is accessed by another computer.[3][4] As stated above, the term computer virus is sometimes used as a catch-all phrase to include all types of malware, even those that do not have the reproductive ability. Malware includes computer viruses, computer worms, Trojan horses, most rootkits, spyware, dishonest adware and other malicious and unwanted software, including true viruses. Viruses are sometimes confused with worms and Trojan horses, which are technically different. A worm can exploit security vulnerabilities to spread itself automatically to other computers through networks, while a Trojan horse is a program that appears harmless but hides malicious functions. Worms and Trojan horses, like viruses, may harm a computer systems data or performance. Some viruses and other malware have symptoms noticeable to the computer user, but many are surreptitious or simply do nothing to call attention to themselves. Some viruses do nothing beyond reproducing themselves. The Academic Integrity and Plagiarism Policy: You should be ready to prove the authenticity of your work. If any form of plagiarism/reproduction of answers/work discovered, you will be awarded zero mark. Late submission of the assignment: If any late submission of your work, mark will be reduced. Your are expected to cover the following outcomes Outcome 4. You are expected to practice the skills that are related to the following graduate attribute: Recognize the importance of lifelong learning and are committed to self development Declaration by student (Hand written) TO MY LECTURER Mr. Sheik Mohammed I CERTIFY THAT ALL OF THIS WORK IS: (a) DONE BY MYSELF (b) PRINTED BY MYSELF Students signatureMahmood Khalfan Ali.. Submit ion Date: ..22j1047

Discuss the causes of the Civil War Essay

The Civil War, also known as the â€Å"War between the States†, was fight from 1861 to 1865 between the Union (or the North) and the Confederacy (the South). There were many causes such as economic disparity between north and south, slavery, and the election of Abraham Lincoln. The North had an industrial based economy whereas the South was a predominantly agricultural economy. One of the major reasons of the outburst of the Civil War was two different labor systems – free labor in the north and slavery in the south. In the Northern America, as the machines took place of laborers in the rise of big factories, they needed free labor instead of slavery, so the slaves became no longer important. On the other hand, the South was based on agricultural and relied upon the labor of the slaves. This economic disparity has given rise to a debate over slavery. The North wanted to end up the spread of slavery, since it was a major obstacle in the development of Northern economy, but at the same time, it would cause big loss of benefit in the South. The conflict was intensified by the election of Lincoln of 1840, because the Southerners thought Lincoln was anti-slavery and would be in favor of Northern interests. After the election of Lincoln, South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida and some other southern states seceded from the Union and formed the Confederacy. On April 12, 1861, the Confederates oped fire at Ft. Sumter, which was the first battle of the Civil War. Conflict between the North and the South could not have been avoided. The industrial capitalistic economy in the North and plantation economy in the South had increasingly conflicts in raw materials, markets, tariffs, labor force and other aspects. The core problem was the slavery. In economy, it has hindered the development of capitalistic economy in the United States. In politics, it has become a risk factor that caused Federal division. After  the Industrial Revolution in Britain, the cotton textile industry developed rapidly, so did the Northern America. The demand for cotton was highly increased. In this case, mass production of cotton was profitable, which meant large amount of cheap labor – slaves – was needed. What’s more, whether slavery was legal in the newly gained territories from westward expansion, has been the most acute problems, because the creation of a slave or free state was directly related to which side could control the Senate. Thus, with the development of two types of economy, the conflict between the North and the South was unavoidable. In conclusion, although the Civil War was one of the most tragic wars in American history and unavoidable, the nation was reunited and strengthened as a whole country, not just a collection of states.

The Free Soil Party

Buchanan30. In 1848, the Free Soil party platform advocated all of the following except [A] free government homesteads for settlers. [B] internal improvements. [C] an end to slavery in the District of Columbia. [D] support of the Wilmot Proviso. [E] opposition to slavery in the territories. 31. According to the principle of â€Å"popular sovereignty,† the question of slavery in the territories would be determined by [A] the most popular national leaders. [B] a Supreme Court decision. [C] congressional legislation. [D] the vote of the people in any given territory. [E] a national referendum. 2. The key issue for the major parties in the 1848 presidential election was [A] expansion. [B] personalities. [C] Indian removal. [D] slavery.[E] the economy. 33. The Free Soilers condemned slavery because [A] of moral principles. [B] it damaged the national economy. [C] of the harm it did to blacks. [D] it destroyed the chances of free white workers to rise to self-employment. [E] it was the only way they had of combating the appeal of the Democratic party. 34. Harriet Tubman gained fame [A] as an African-American antislavery novelist. [B] in the gold fields of California. C] by urging white women to oppose slavery. [D] as an advocate of the Fugitive Slave Law. [E] by helping slaves to escape to Canada. 35. Daniel Webster’s famed Seventh of March speech in 1850 resulted in [A] a shift toward compromise in the North. [B] Senate rejection of a fugitive-slave law. [C] a movement to draft him for the presidency. [D] condemnation by northern commercial interests. [E] charges of accepting bribes. 36. In the debates of 1850, Senator William H. Seward, as a representative of the northern Young Guard, argued that [A] John C.Calhoun’s compromise plan must be adopted to preserve the Union. [B] Christian legislators must obey God’s moral law. [C] the Constitution must be obeyed. [D] compromise must be achieved to preserve the Union. [E] African-Americans sh ould be granted their own territory. 37. In the Compromise of 1850, Congress determined that slavery in the New Mexico and Utah territories was [A] to be decided by popular sovereignty. [B] to be banned. [C] protected by federal law.[D] to be ignored until either territory applied for admission to statehood. E] to be decided by the Mormon Church. 38. The Fugitive Slave Law included all of the following provisions except [A] denial of fleeing slaves’ right to testify on their own behalf. [B] denial of a jury trial to runaway slaves. [C] a higher payment if officials determined blacks to be runaways. [D] the requirement that fugitive slaves be returned from Canada. [E] the penalty of imprisonment for northerners who helped slaves to escape. 39. The election of 1852 was significant because it [A] saw the rise of purely national parties. [B] saw the victory of a pro-South northerner. C] marked the return of issues-oriented campaigning. [D] saw the emergence of an antislavery thir d party. [E] marked the end of the Whig party. 40. The prime objective of Manifest Destiny in the 1850s was [A] Nicaragua. [B] Panama. [C] Hawaii. [D] Cuba. [E] the Dominican Republic. 41. The prime objective of Manifest Destiny in the 1850s was [A] Nicaragua. [B] Panama. [C] Hawaii.[D] Cuba. [E] the Dominican Republic. 42. Stephen A. Douglas’s plans for deciding the slavery question in the Kansas-Nebraska scheme required repeal of the [A] Northwest Ordinance. [B] Missouri Compromise. C] Compromise of 1850. [D] Fugitive Slave Act. [E] Wilmot Proviso. 43. One of Stephen Douglas’s mistakes in proposing the Kansas-Nebraska Act was [A] allowing slavery to spread into new territory. [B] underestimating the depth of northern opposition to the spread of slavery. [C] believing that slavery could not survive in Kansas. [D] overestimating the protest to the bill. [E] not securing the transcontinental railroad for the North. 44. The clash between Preston S. Brooks and Charles Sum ner revealed [A] the division between the House and the Senate over slavery. B] the fact that, despite divisions over slavery, the House of Representatives would unite to expel a member for bad conduct. [C] the seriousness of political divisions in the North. [D] the fact that passions over slavery were becoming dangerously inflamed in both North and South. [E] the importance of honor to northerners. 45. Match each candidate in the 1856 election below with the correct party. ___ A. John C. Fremont ___ B. Millard Fillmore ___ C. Martin Van Buren ___ D. James Buchanan 1. Democratic 2. Republican 3. Know-Nothing [A] A-2, B-3, D-1 [B] A-3, C-1, D-2 C] A-1, B-3, C-2 [D] B-1, C-2, D-3 [E] A-2, B-3, C-1 46. In ruling on the Dred Scott case, the United States Supreme Court [A] held that slaveowners could not take slaves into free territories.[B] expected to lay to rest the issue of slavery in the territories. [C] hoped to stimulate further debate on the slavery issue. [D] supported the conc ept of popular sovereignty. [E] reunited the Democratic party. 47. The political career of Abraham Lincoln could best be described as [A] marred by early political opportunism. [B] hurt by the Kansas-Nebraska Act. [C] hurt by his marriage. D] characterized by a rapid rise to power. [E] slow to get off the ground. 48. As a result of the Lincoln-Douglas debates, [A] Lincoln’s national stature was diminished. [B] Lincoln was elected to the Senate. [C] Douglas defeated Lincoln for the Senate. [D] Illinois rejected the concept of popular sovereignty.[E] Douglas increased his chances of winning the presidency. 49. Match each presidential candidate in the 1860 election below with his party’s position on the slavery question. ___ A. Abraham Lincoln ___ B. Stephen Douglas ___ C. John Breckenridge ___ D. John Bell 1. xtend slavery into the territories 2. ban slavery from the territories 3. preserve the Union by compromise 4. enforce popular sovereignty [A] A-3, B-2, C-1, D-4 [B] A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2 [C] A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3 [D] A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1 [E] A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3 50. When Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 presidential election, people in South Carolina [A] waited to see how other southern states would act. [B] vowed to give their loyalty to Stephen Douglas. [C] were very upset because they would have to secede from the Union. [D] rejoiced because it gave them an excuse to secede. [E] none of these.

Critical study of software copyright and piracy in China The WritePass Journal

Critical study of software copyright and piracy in China Chapter I Critical study of software copyright and piracy in China ABSTRACTChapter IIntroductionCHAPTER IILiterature review2.1 China`s background in copyright law2.2   Globalization and software piracy2.3   Culture and software piracy2.4 The Chinese government, Communist ideology in software piracyCHAPTER IIIMethodologyCHAPTER IVFinding and Discussion4.1 Finding 4.1.1 Software products: cost, usability and accessibility Thirdly, they cited that the copyright software`s are not valuable comparing to their price, for instance, by installing WINDOWS XP, it requires anti-virus as well to protect is and this will cost an extra money and pirated software`s functions are same as original one`s. Thus, it is not valuable. It can assume that there is another side to disagree with their thought in terms of cost, if comparing the price of software product with other spending. Since they can tolerate with others spending, there is no reason to reject software prices.4.2 Discussion CHAPTER VI5 CONCLUSIONReferences:Related ABSTRACT This study aim to demonstrate Chinese students’ attitude towards software copyright and piracy in China. This paper has selected a small group of Chinese student to evaluate their presumption and data were collected by using interview among this group. There are some factors which has a significant impact on piracy. Therefore, for finding out the validity and add extra elements in finding and discussion chapter will present new items which has a role in software piracy. Thus, this research has some limitation such as the number of sample and the matter of time. Hence, the result of this research cannot be valid. Chapter I Introduction In the past few years, there has been a doubt among the Chinese software users regarding the use of pirated software from the legal point of view. In addition to software users, anyone who is involved in the software copyright and piracy issues, is confronted with this question that if the pirate act is illegal or not (Croix Konan, 2002). Answering this question requires to consider the perception of each individual Chinese software users regarding the software copyright and piracy. Whereby, awareness of Chinese users in decision-making has a direct impact on their piracy behaviour in terms of using pirated software (Liang Yan, 2005). To explore how Chinese software users recognize the matter of software copyright and piracy it is crucial to understand the function of copyright and piracy protection law, In fact, copyright and piracy protection law are the subset of the intellectual property law (IP) which has been considerably enhanced in the recent years.   According to a definition provided by World Intellectual Property (WIPO, 2006) â€Å"intellectual property can be anything which creates by human mind such as, inventions, literary and artistic works†. On the other side, software piracy is opposite of the copyright law in which has increased along with the extension in popularity of internet in 1999 (Katz, 2005). Currently, China is under the World Trade Organisation (WTO) agreement, which compels China to have transparency on intellectual property protection in terms of laws, regulations, administrative rules and judicial decisions (Panitchpakdi Clifford, 2002). Hence, this study places emphasis on Chinese student various perceptions regarding the software copyright and piracy. The next chapter will review the existing literature review and evaluate different point of views. Furthermore, it will emphasize on methodology chapter to illustrate the method of collecting data. Moreover, in finding and discussion chapter will demonstrate and analyse the information towards answering research question and finally will present conclusion. CHAPTER II Literature review 2.1 China`s background in copyright law From the historical point of view, for the first time, copy right law came into existence in ancient China and the creation of copyright in China was initiated by the innovation of printing by Bi Sheng in AD 1042. Moreover, compared to European countries the technique of printing had developed centuries earlier in China (Mertha, 2005). According to Martha (2005), in 1910, the first draft of author`s right was published and a number of punishments for unapproved use were established. WIPO (2006) state thatAfter the Cultural Revolution,in 1979 China entered into a new stage of modern legal system which contained the copyright structure and was an important step to connect to the outside world. Subsequently, as WIPO (2006) assert that â€Å"China has joined the world intellectual property organization in 1980†. Bently Sherman (2001) explained that copyright was originally intended primarily for the protection of authors, artists and composers to provide a legal foundation for the innumerable transactions by which they are paid for their work. Croix Konan (2002) explained that the first aim of copyright law is to provide the security for author`s right from abusing in illegal way.   World intellectual property organization (WIPO, 2006) defines â€Å"copyright† as legal point of view in order to maintaining creator’s right and securing his/her â€Å"work†. In addition, the term â€Å"work† is used by intellectual property law in various aspects such as; novels, poems, plays, databases and computer programs. Generally, copyright laws are executed diversely in different countries around the world (Marron Steel, 2000). For instance, The European Countries and North America have tough copyright laws and enforce them determinedly. Meanwhile, there are some countries which have determined copyright laws but their courts are unwilling to enforce them. Furthermore, there are developing countries in which their principles are based on Islamic patterns and do not have adequate laws in terms of copy right ( Marron Steel, 2000). From worldwide viewpoint, entering China to the global network has generated a massive capability in order to share and observe information through new approaches, especially byInternet (Croix Konan, 2002). However, in recent years, the international business society has mentioned that there has been a doubt regarding China`s malfunction towards limiting international property infringement (Mertha, 2005). 2.2   Globalization and software piracy Bently and Sherman (2001) assert that, the original concept of copyright is surrounded by boundaries’ inside of the state, Thus, the security of copyright protection will be in danger if it operates beyond the country and goes through the national world. Therefore, the fence would be break down by the development of globalization and establish copyright as boundless subject in international trade. Consequently, developed countries realize that it is crucial to make some alteration in enforcement of copyright protection across the national borders. Therefore, due to unexpected economic growth in China, it has become the main target of whole global copyright enforcement, such as US and the European Union (Halbert, 1997). IIPA (2006) declared that the progression of globalization transforms software copyright and piracy from internal issue to universal matter among countries. Furthermore, due to the fact that China has been faced with a huge amount of piracy, it has been constantly criticized by other countries regarding the lack of enforcement and ability to protect software copyright. 2.3   Culture and software piracy Mum (2003) argued that cultural differences is one of the most significant aspects that should be considered in China`s software copyright and piracy and has a main role on development copyright in China. From western perspective, individual’s freedom and benefits often put emphasis on public shared benefits. In contrast, as a traditional Chinese point of view, individuals are part of society and are obliged to present their creation and innovation to the community (Mum, 2003).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Considering the two mentioned viewpoints, it can state that the eastern minds are totally different from western minds, regarding that in western society intellectual theft is not appreciated, meanwhile, it is a new concept to many Chinese. In addition, Yu (2001) pointed out that in traditional Chinese culture copying regarded as honourable and necessary fact. Husted (2000) stated that the rate of piracy in China has a great connection with cultural dichotomy of individualism and collectivism.   In addition, Marron and Steel`s (2000) found out that countries in which their principles is based on individualistic culture have a lower piracy rates comparing to the countries which have collectivistic culture. According to Wang, Zhang, and Ouyang (2005a) the correlation between pirated software purchasing and cultural subject in China is more expected to be engaged in the theft of software programs or sharing intellectual property. In fact, collectivist culture can be one of the great factors that might be the cause of the prevalence of software piracy in China. 2.4 The Chinese government, Communist ideology in software piracy Croix Konan (2002) argued that China`s government has been considerably attempting to change the legislation and policy making process in terms of prevent pirating.   For instance, China government closed 9 factories from 18 which were producing pirated software’s and presenting illegal Cd`s in domestic market. However, despite the considerable reforms by China government regarding the implement of copyright enforcement, there are some domestic factors which make the matter worse (Mertha, 2005). Lu and Weber (2008) explored that China government should consider about the economical and political environments of public and private dimensions of software copyright to cover external and internal challenges. In addition, Communism philosophy in which its main principal is based on everything belongs to society and people, rather than private owners has been existed in China since 1949. Consequently, Communist thought of copyright are fundamentally well-matched with traditional Chinese culture, because they support each other to shape Chinese people`s attitude in the direction of decreasing copyright protection. Overall, the literature review includes variety of research areas and identifies a group of structural factors relating to software copyright and piracy in China. Meanwhile, the literature review has some limitation, for example, it uncovers the behaviour element which is crucial in act of piracy, but it will be covered in finding and discussion chapter by interviewing from Chinese student. CHAPTER III Methodology Generally speaking, the nature of human beings has been always concerned about what is happening surround them. In order to understand their surroundings they began to search regarding their requirements which at least named research. According to Cohen et al (2007) research is a process of planning, executing and investing in terms to find answer to our specific questions. In addition, getting reliable answers needs an investigation in a systematic manner and will be easier for reader to understand. Achieving these ends requires research methods. In this study, the research philosophy is examined by interpretivism. Bryman Bell (2003) defined it as an epistemological position that enquires the social scientist to grasp the subjective meaning of social action. Furthermore, the inductive approach has undertaken to this study in terms of understand the nature of problem, by which, it enables researcher to take more information about the research. (Bryman Bell, 2003). Evaluating about philosophy and approach, now it should consider that the research method is done by mono method meaning that is qualitative and by the nature of it, has a great advantages for this research. It was chosen because the research approach was based on inductive methods and it requires an exploration of detailed in depth about data. Denzin Lincoln (2000) believed that using this method able researcher to explain, translate and otherwise come to the terms with the meaning. This study will carry out both primary and secondary research. The primary research will be examined by doing an interview based on semi-structured type from a group of Chinese student which will be within an age group of 22-28. The semi-structured interview was designed by some relevant questions in order to answer the research question, further information will be on (appendix 1). An interview has chosen as a method for primary research for the reason that it is one of the methods by which the human world may be explored, although it is the world of beliefs and meanings, not of actions that is clarified by interview research. Bryman Bell (2003) pointed out that interviewing provide a wide range of data collection. Thus, it helps researcher to find out how people regard situations from their point of view. In this research, because the emphasize is basically based on the area of   intellectual property law and as far as everyone are concerned, this field is extremely complicated and cannot be expressed in closed questions. Hence, semi-structured interviews have chosen because it has a great benefit for conducting this research. Moreover, it is based on an open-ended question. In addition, Bryman Bell (2003) argued that this approach can be used to gain different comments and offers the interviewer the chance to investigate an issue or service. In addition, it gives the interviewee an opportunity to share general views or their opinions in details. Apart from the benefits of this method, it has some disadvantages such as: it requires interviewing skill and need to have the skill to analyse the data. Furthermore, it should be done on sufficient group of people in order to make general comparison. Moreover, it is really time consuming and researcher should be able to ensure confidentia lly ( Saunders et al, 2003). It is crucial to mentioned that ethical concerns will emerge as the research planning starts. As Blumberg et al cited in Saunders et al (2007) argued that â€Å"ethics refers to the moral principles, norms or standards of behaviour that guide moral choices about our relationship with other†. Furthermore, in order to ensure confidentiality, this research will only consider about the age of the Chinese students and will not emphasise on their name or their institute (see appendix 2). To answer the research question, Chinese student attitude is examined in order to explore how they perceive the issue of software copyright and piracy and with the aim of give the sense of security to interviewee at the first of interview it will mention that the process will be recorded to ensure the crucial information is not omitted from the note taking. Overall, in this study by using qualitative approach with semi-structured interview will prepare a suitable occasion in terms of collecting a great deal of information from Chinese student regarding their point of view about software copyright and piracy in their country. Furthermore, it is expected that 10 interviews will be conducted and the sample will just measured by their age and the interview will be carried out in person by the researcher on site at the University Of Sheffield. Moreover, information from interviews will be classified into coding and categories, which can be derived from research question and the literature. CHAPTER IV Finding and Discussion 4.1 Finding This chapter aims to answer the research question which was about Chinese student attitude towards software copyright and piracy. To answer this question, this research is carried out by choosing a smaller society of Chinese users, namely Chinese students, in which their perception in terms of software copyrights and piracy in China will be examined. As it mentioned in methodology, in order to analyze the data, this research will categorize and coding the data which has conducted from Chinese student attitude, then it will examine the findings and discussion and finally will demonstrate the conclusion. The findings will categorized and coded by what interviewees mentioned regarding software copyright and piracy, for example, some of people express that the price of the copyright software`s are too expensive. Meanwhile, others pointed out that the general income of people in China cannot afford copyright products and on quarter of participants said that copyright products actual value does not deserve that high price. Therefore, this category named as cost with three subcategorized; price, income, value and coded as a software products. Secondly, half of the interviewee mentioned that pirated software`s are accessible and it can used them without any limitation, whereby, original software`s has the restriction of usage. Moreover, this opinion categorized by usability and accessibility of software products. Thirdly, from findings it can find out 9 of 10 participants disagreed with the culture as an element which has an impact on a software copyright and piracy. By contrast, in literature review in culture and software piracy some author`s were explained that culture has a considerable relation with software copyright and piracy. Furthermore, some interviewees expressed that some issues, for example, education or gaining knowledge should not consider as piracy, additionally,   using software`s for a personal need without any intention of using   in illegal way is not piracy. Finally, the item that generally accepted by applicant was China`s government, which they state that the main power who can enforce the copyright law and prevent piracy is government. Thus the first section was categorized by social development and cultural affect and the later section was grouped as Chinese government, which these two parts coded as a china development. To clarify the structure the complete codi ng frame is established in (Appendix 3). 4.1.1 Software products: cost, usability and accessibility Cost, usability and accessibility play critical roles in decision-making whether to use pirated software or not among Chinese student attitudes. Among all of discussions cost is consistently mentioned as a reason to choose pirated software. Therefore, three subject matter illustrates from which will evaluate by participants viewpoints. Generally speaking, first of all, was the cost to buy copyright software. As they state that buying original WINDOWS XP in China is really expensive. Secondly, because of high prices for software products most of the people especially students and low-income earners are not able to afford the price. Thirdly, they cited that the copyright software`s are not valuable comparing to their price, for instance, by installing WINDOWS XP, it requires anti-virus as well to protect is and this will cost an extra money and pirated software`s functions are same as original one`s. Thus, it is not valuable. It can assume that there is another side to disagree with their thought in terms of cost, if comparing the price of software product with other spending. Since they can tolerate with others spending, there is no reason to reject software prices. 4.1.2 China development:   Social development and Chinese government As it mentioned in literature review chapter there were two factors which also found by evaluating  Ã‚   Chinese student presumption toward software   copyright and piracy which is constantly, government policy and culture. Furthermore, participant conflicting views about those items and stating short words or sentences; it cannot provide valuable information about significant issues such as government policy and cultural affect. Therefore, in order to generalize their viewpoint it can state that, after Cultural Revolution in China and joining to the World intellectual property organization there has been a significant changes in terms of education, technology and the level of science through out of China (WIPO, 2006). Generally speaking, interviewees pointed out that the China government has the main power in order to prevent software piracy and change the policy towards enforcement of copyright law. Moreover, it can maintain that in spite of the power to enforce, why Chinese government does not really want to stop piracy. Furthermore, participants discussed that because of the matter of population and as China is among developing countries, government and authorities really feels the lack of knowledge and because they want to increase their literacy and awareness, they are not as strict as developed countries. 4.2 Discussion With the establishment of coding frame, this study will applies axial coding to make a connection between categories and sub categories. First, the participant’s perception develops from the issue which coded as software products with three subcategories.   In the category of software product user`s resistance focused on copyright software`s high cost and poor usability and accessibility. In contrast, user`s are likely to use pirated software which low cost and good usability and accessibility. On the other hand, the interviewee which protects software copyright law, refuse to accept cost and excuses for piracy use. Second, in the category of China development which was generally analysed, it can mention that   government policy in China is trying to educated and boosts the knowledge within the people, but this cannot be the reason to use piracy software’s or make author`s work invaluable. In other world, participants believe that Chinese government does not really want to limit piracy. Form their discussion it can find out government has a great interest in piracy regarding market economy. This study has found that in general Chinese student attitude towards software copyright and piracy mainly suffers from the phenomena which so-called Cost and the accessibility of pirated software’s. Furthermore, this paper has some limitation which will decrease the validity of this research, such as; the number of sample was not that much great to evaluate and examine the other perceptions, another item was the limitation of time, which was considerable for this research. Furthermore, it is suggested that copyright owners should lower down their retail prices of their products to the lower degree, by which, Chinese user`s be able to afford it. CHAPTER VI 5 CONCLUSION This study set out to examine how Chinese student are aware of software copyright and piracy in China. A small sample of Chinese student was selected to illustrate extra elements a part form literature review, which has significant role on using pirated software’s. Furthermore, the data were analyzed by Bryman Bell (2003). Overall in can conclude that, the fact that China started to play a more and more important role in today’s world and its development cannot be easily stopped or reversed. Therefore, like developed countries, China should redesign and change the software copyright law in order to minimize the amount of piracy in world. References: Bently, L, Sherman, B. (2001). Intellectual property law. New York: Oxford University Press. Blaxter,L, Hughes, C, Tight, M. (2001). How to research. (2 edn). Buckingham: Open University Press. Bryman,A, Bell, E. (2003). Business Research Methods. New York: Oxford UniversityPress. Business Software Alliance. (2004). BSA and IDC global software piracy study. Retrieved January 28, 2005, from bsa.org/China/globalstudy Cohen, L, Manion, L, Morrison, K. (2007). Research Methodes In Education. ( 6 edn). London: Routledge. Croix, S. J., Konan, D. E. (2002). Intellectual property rights in China: The changing political economy of Chinese-American interests. The World Economy, 25, 759-788. Denzin, N. K., Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds.). (2000). Handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Gubrium, J. F., Holstein, J. A. (1997). The new language of qualitative method. New York: Oxford University Press. Halbert, D. (1997). Intellectual property piracy: The narrative construction of deviance. International Journal for Semiotics of Law, X (28), 55-78. International Intellectual Property Alliance. (2006). The 2006 special 301 report: People’s Republic of China. Retrieved August 28, 2006, from IIPA Web site: iipa.com/rbc/2006/2006SPEC301PRC.pdf Katz, A. (2005). A network effects perspective: On software piracy. University of Toronto Law Journal, 55, 155-160. Lindlof, T. R., Taylor, B. C. (2002). Qualitative communication research methods (2nd ed.). London: Sage. Lu, J., Weber, I. (2008). Chinese government and software copyright: Manipulating the boundaries between public and private. International Journal of Communication, 1, 81-99. Marron, D. B., Steel, D. G. (2000). Which countries protect intellectual property? The case of software piracy. Economic Inquiry, 38 (2), 159-74. Mertha, A. (2005). The politics of piracy: Intellectual property in contemporary China. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.   Mum, S. H. (2003). A new approach to U. S. copyright policy against piracy in China. Symposium conducted at the 53rd Annual Convention of the International Communication Association, San Diego, California, United States. Nicol, C. (Ed.). (2003). ICT policy: A beginners handbook. Johannesburg, South Africa: Association for Progressive Communication. Panitchpakdi, S., Clifford, M. L. (2002). China and the WTO: Changing China, changing world trade. Singapore: John Wiley Sons (Asia). Saunders, s. Lewis, P. And Thornhill, A. (2003). Research Methods for Business Students. Third edition. Pearson education limited. Wang, F., Zhang, H. Ouyang, M. (2005a). Software piracy and ethical decision making behaviour of Chinese consumers. Journal of Comparative International Management, 8(2), 43-56.   Wang, F., Zhang, H., Zang, H. Ouyang, M. (2005b). Purchasing pirated software: An initial examination of Chinese consumers. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 22(6),340-51 World Intellectual Property Organization. (n.d.). Copyright and related rights. Retrieved October 14, 2006, from World Intellectual Property Organization Web site: wipo.int/about-ip/en/copyright.html Yu, P.K. (2001). Piracy, prejudice, and perspectives: An attempt to use Shakespeare to reconfigure the U. S.-China intellectual property debate. Working Paper Series, 38, Jacob Burns Institute for Advanced Legal Studies. Retrieved,October13,2006fromhttp://papers.ssrn.com/paper.taf?abstract_id=262530

Nations and Nationalism essays

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Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

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Professional investment tear sheet for four companies (in my Essay

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